1. Define the term History. (1 mark)
I. History - This is the branch of Knowledge that deals with the past events and experiences of human beings.
2. Identify the two periods in history. (2 marks)
-Pre-history period: This refers to the activities that humans engaged in before writing and drawing were invented as ways of storing information
-Historical period: This refers to activities that humans engaged in after writing and drawing were invented. The events are therefore recorded
3. Outline the three aspects of history. (3 marks)
Social history- This deals with the traditions, Values and cultural practices of a people.
-Economic history- This refers to the means of livelihood of a people such as hunting, gathering, trade and / agriculture.
-Political history -- This deals with the control systems in a society. For example, maintenance of law and order, leadership and security.
4. Give the importance of studying history. (4 marks)
-History helps us to:
- Know the origin of mankind, his development and the progress he has made to date.
- Appreciate the achievements and learn from the failures of mankind in the past.
- Understand how human beings depend on and relate with each other
- Understand our culture as well as other people's culture.
- Gives the learner a sense of identity by teaching them who they are and where they come from.
- Inspire patriotism and nationalism among citizens as they learn of the past political developments of their country.
- Helps the learner to be more knowledgeable thereby providing intellectual fulfilment to the learner.
- History gives time and space to the past events Example, when Kenya became independent in 1963.
- Helps the learner to develop a critical mind thereby instilling in the learner the ability to rationally analyse issues at hand.
- History influences career choices. For example, teacher, lawyer, social worker or public administrator.
5. Define the term government. (2 marks)
This refers to a group within a state or a country given authority to organize, direct and control the affairs of that state or country.
6. Identify the three arms of government. (3 marks)
- Legislature: This is the law-making arm of the government commonly referred to as the parliam ent. It comprises the National Assembly and the President.
- Executive: This is the arm of the government that implements government policies including the law -
-Judiciary: This is the arm of the government that sees to it that the laws made are constitutional, that they are followed and punishes the law breakers.
7. Identify the various forms of government. (4 marks)
- Democracy: This is the form of government that requires the rulers to regularly seek public mandate through popular vote based on elections that are free and fair.
- Aristocratic: This is a form of government in which a group of people from the highest social class in the society rule over the others. King or Queen is the head of the government while the nobility is given the senior positions in the government.
- Monarchical: Form of government where democracy is practiced but aristocratical power is respected. Parliament is the supreme organ, but monarchy is respected as a tradition.
- Dictatorial: Form of government where the ruler total or absolute power over his subjects, example Adolf Hittler of Germany and Idd Amin of Uganda.
8. Differentiate between absolute monarchy and constitutional monarchy. (4 marks)
- Absolute monarchy: Also called dictatorial monarchy. The power of the head of state that is King or Queen is r unrestricted.
- Constitutional monarchy: The monarchical power is restricted. The power of the head of state is determined by the constitution.
9. Name countries that use constitutional monarchy form of government. (2 marks)
- Britain
- Lesotho
10. Give the importance of studying government. (10 marks)
-Helps us understand how laws are made and enforced.
- We learn how development programmes are formulated and implemented.
-We leam how government raises and spends revenue.
- We learn how different arms or organs of government exercise powers vested on them, that is legislature, executive and the judiciary
- Helps to understand and appreciate the need for a government, which include security and social economic and political development
- Help us understand and appreciate the constitution, process of making laws and statutes, to compare and contrast our system of government with those of others.
- Makes us know our roles as citizens and the roles of leaders who govern us.
- Helps understand our rights, responsibilities and limitations within which we must operate
- Study of government influences career in public administration example County commissioners.
- Teaches learners about conflict resolution and peaceful co-existence in the society.
- Learners know the democratic principles that govern most countries.
11. Identify the three main sources of history and government. (3 marks)
- Unwritten sources.
-Written sources.
- Electronic sources.
12. Give the meaning of unwritten sources of history. (2 marks)
-These refer to the sources of historical information which is not recorded in writing.
13. ldentify the different forms of unwritten sources of history and government. (6 marks)
- Oral traditions: refers to the practice of handling down the historica l information by word of mouth.
- Linguistics: Refers to the scientific study of language.
- Anthropology: The study of human beings in relation to their origin, development, customs, beliefs and social relationships.
- Genetic study: Study of heredity and the variation of onherited characteristics.
- Archaeology: Study of man's past through scientific analysis of the material remains of his culture.
- Palaeontology: Study of man's past through scientific analysis of fossils, that is, remains of plants and animals.
14. Identify the various forms of oral traditions. (7 marks)
- Fork tales
- Proverbs.
- Songs.
- Stories.
- Riddles.
- Legends
- myths
15. What is the importance of oral traditions as a source of historical information? (3 marks)
- Very suitable when dealing with illiterate societies.
- Compliments other sources of history.
- Gives a vivid narration of past events by those who were there or participated. e.g. Mau Mau.
16. Identify the limitations of oral traditions. (10 marks)
- Difficult to distinguish reality from imagination and therefore maybe exaggerated or confusing.
- Depends on human memory and important information may be omitted or forgotten.
- Subject to bias where information may deliberately be concealed especially failures.
- May not provide dates or correct chronology of events because depends on human memory.
- Expensive to cate r for the information expenses e.g. it transports, lunch and accommodation.
- Its time consuming because the interviewer requires a lot of time to interview one individual.
17. Outline two areas that one can study through linguistics. (2 marks)
- Origin of a community.
- Inter - community interactions.
- Longevity of contact breaks between communities speaking similar languages. (Same family language)
18. What are the advantages of linguistics as a source of history and government? (IO marks)
- Gives information on migration of people and their relationships.
- Helps to understand communities better by establishing their origin, movement and settlement,
- It compliments other sources of history e.g. Oral traditions as a medium through which information is communicated.
- Helps to establish links between communities c.g. th e Zulu of South Africa and the Agikuyu of Kenya are Bantus.
- Languages derived from parent language change in a certain way and rate through time. Its therefore possible to know how long a language has developed on its own, which is useful in dating migration of people.
19. Identify the limitations of linguistics as a source of history. (10 marks)
- Time consuming because it takes a lot of time to learn a particular language.
- When translating language some words ar e omitted resulting to loss of vital information about a people's history.
- Confusing because different languages may have similar words with different meaning's e.g. the word nyoro' in Kikuyu means smooth while the same word in Luo means yesterday.
- Inaccurate because some languages have borrowed words from other languages thereby interfering or corrupting the parent language.
- Some languages or words in a language may be difficult to understand giving the linguist hectic time.
- Some languages have become extinct or archaic and therefore difficult to translate e.g. Kisuba (Abasuba)
- Languages are dynamic and keep changing. It's therefore difficult or inaccurate to use them to establish the past.
20. What is the method used by the anthropologist to get information from the community of study. (I mark)
- Observation
21. Outline the advantages of anthropology as a source of history. (10 marks)
- Reveals similarities in the institutions of different communities and possible interactions.
- It is a complement of the other sources of history e.g. linguistics.
- Gives a deeper understanding of a particular aspect of people's culture.
- Identifies a certain community with a particular material culture.
- Fosters good relations between the anthropologist and the community he is living with.
22. Identify the limitations of anthropology as a source of history. (10 marks)
- It is expensive since it involves a lot of traveling and living among the community of study
- Its time consuming since it involves living for long with the community under study.
- Anthropologists risk losing their culture and adopting foreign culture.
- People under study may behave differently when the anthropologist is around hence missing vital information.
-The anthropologists may find it difficult to adapt fully to the new environment.
23. Why is genetics not extensively used to study human history? (1 mark)
- It's a complex scientific method that requires special skills to derive meaningful information.
24. What are the advantages of genetics as a source of history? (3 marks)
- Study of genes helps relate or distinguish one person from another.
- Helps us to understand plants and animals from time of domestication and how they have spread.
- Explains how and when strains of animals' and plants came into existence.
- Identify ways in which human beings adopted to their environment.
25. Name the natural scientific disciplines that must work with archaeologists to achieve better results. (4 marks)
- Palaeontology - Study of fossils
- Geology - Study of rocks and soil formation.
- Ecology - Study man's relationship with environment.
- Chemistry and physics - Helps in dating.
26. How do archaeologists and palaeontologists locate a historical site? (5 marks)
- Looking out for areas where tectonic forces or erosion have exposed surfaces that may give clues.
- A situation where they may find on the surface a small part of early settlement such as few stones in a regular pattern.
. - Historical research on an area that may be mentioned in a historical document or an oral narrative giving some clue e.g. Ur, Babylon, Olduvai Gorge.
- Use of long experience and skills to identify potential sites for excavation.
- Exposing of ancient objects by cultivation, building and construction that could arouse the curiosity of the researcher.
27. Identify the limitations of using archaeology as a source of history. (10 marks)
- Expensive because one must hire labourers, buy expensive laboratory equipment and meet the analysis cost.
- Difficult for archaeologists to locate an archaeological site.
Time consuming. A lot of time is needed to excavate and take the materials for analysis.
- Fragile artefacts and fossils that break or disintegrate during excavation or transportation.
- Archaeology is only limited to the study of ancient past and not recent history.
- Archaeological information is based on inferences and reconstructions and therefore maybe inaccurate. - Does not determine dates accurately but gives estimates through dating methods.
- Difficult to determine and differentiate remains of animals and humans.
- Some materials and animals are affected by climate resulting to decay.
- Few and archaeological experts' facilities for interpreting archaeological evidence in the developing countries.
28. What are the advantages of using-archaeology as a source of history? (10 marks)
-Gives detailed information on material culture that other sources may not have.
- Gives a sense of time as the artifacts can be dated.
- Compliments other sources of history especially those that cannot trace ancient history making the information authentic.
- Provides varied information depending on the materials found on a site.
- Suitable in providing information about man in the pre-historic times.
- Makes history real through seeing and touching the objects / material culture.
- Tourists, foreign and domestic visit the historic sites and come to view the remains. This earns the country revenue (foreign exchange)
29. Identify the various methods used to date fossils and other material culture. (10 marks)
- Geological periods - These are periods of past time associated with and characterized by successive types of plants and animals and climate change e.g. Pleistocene and Holecene
- Chemical dating - This involves two main methods namely Radio-carbon dating which measures the rate of decay of carbon-I4, and potassium argon method used to date volcanic ash and minerals containing potassium.
- Stratigraphy - Study and interpretation of the layers of rocks deposited through sedimentation.
- Fission - track dating - Used to date Pleistocene samples in the presence of allumimum.
- Lexico - Statistics dating - Statistical study of vocabulary of languages to determine their age and historical links with other languages.
- Statistical dating - Method that involves calculating of averages to determine length of generation and date for events associated with generations.
30. List the written sources of information that you know. (5 marks)
- Books
- Journals
- Novels and plays
- Constitutions.
- Newspapers. - Periodicals.
- Documentaries.
- Diaries.
- Annual reports.
- Magazines.
- Paintings. (Pictorial writings]
31. Identify three main classifications of written sources of history. (3 marks)
- Archives - Collection of historical documents or records mainly classified information of government or organizations accessible to public after a period of time.
- Manuscripts - Author's handwritten or typed text that has not been published.
- Printed sources - They include books, journals, plays and novels, newspapers, magazines and photographs.
32. Explain the advantages of written records. (10 marks)
- Recorded and preserved information is available for future reference
- Can be distributed to reach all literate people all over the world.
- Compared to archaeology and anthropology, written sources are less costly
- Can be translated to many languages to be read by many people.
- Written sources have limited biases and prejudices because they are compared with other sources, discussed, interpreted and conclusion drawn.
- Has originality since it is stored and preserved as it was recorded
33. What are the limitations of written sources of historical information? (5 marks)
- Writing is very recent art and has to depend on oral traditions and archaeology to construct pre - historic events.
- Can be unreliable where the author omits essential information for one reason or another.
-May be misunderstood or misinterpreted by readers either to discredit the author or suit ones needs.
- Can be biased since authors write from their particular point of view.
- Written sources are limited to the literate people the in society
- May become obsolete because of the dynamic nature of life and many changes occur over the years
- Written materials, example books, newspapers, and magazines are expensive to buy.
- Reading written records is time consuming.
- Access to some written information, especially classified information is restricted either by government or organizations.
34. Identify the different electronic sources of history. (4 marks)
- Micro-films - Films on which extremely small photographs of documents and printed matter are stored for bette r preservation and saving storage space.
- Radio - Authoritative source of information that captures words and emotions of an event as it was. Its purely audio
- Audio-visual sources They include films, television and videos. They combine sound, pictures and motion.
- Databanks and databases - large stores of organized information which can be retrieved easily and faster. The information is stored in computers.
35. What are the advantages of electronic sources of history? (10 marks)
- Captures information/ events as they happen. Example television and videos.
- Gives better understanding of some aspects of social history of people. Example music, dressing and leisure.
- They make the past come alive today. Example Mau Mau war.
- Documentaries give facts (factual) about historic events. They show exactly what happened.
- Electronic databases and databanks facilitate easy and fast retrieval of information.
36. Identify the disadvantages of electronic sources of history. (5 marks)
- Subject to bias since some audio - visual sources contain foreign material from the developed countries. - May be inaccurate. For example, information through the television may be censored such that only what is appealing to the viewers is shown.
- Electronic sources are quite expensive to buy. For example, radio, television sets and video cameras.
- Electronic sources require electricity and therefore not accessible to people without electricity especially in the rural areas.
- Acted films are unrealistic because they contain exaggerated information.
- Electronic sources example television are addictive making viewers passive and lazy.